① 優先股，普通股， 可兌換債券， 個人投資四者之間的風險比較， 最好給出詳細的鏈接， 英文的最好， 謝謝
優先股 商務印書館《英漢證券投資詞典》的解釋：英語為：preferred share，preferred stock。公司的一種股份權益形式。持有這種股份的股東先於普通股股東享受分配，通常為固定股利。優先股收益不受公司經營業績的影響。其主要特徵有：享受固定收益、優先獲得分配、優先獲得公司剩餘財產的清償、無表決權。除了這些本質特徵外，發行人為了吸引投資者或保護普通股東的權益，對優先股附加了很多定義，如可轉換概念、優先概念、累計紅利概念等。在表達優先股時美英兩國的習慣差異甚大。美國多簡單地使用形容詞「preferred」表示優先股，有時在後邊加入名詞「stock」；而英國多使用「preference」，習慣加名詞「share」。 另為：preference share；preference stock；preferential share；preferred；preferred stock
普通股：( ordinary share、common stock) 普通股是指在公司的經營管理和盈利及財產的分配上享有普通權利的股份，代表滿足所有債權償付要求及優先股東的收益權與求償權要求後對企業盈利和剩餘財產的索取權，它構成公司資本的基礎，是股票的一種基本形式，也是發行量最大，最為重要的股票。目前在上海和深圳證券交易所上中交易的股票，都是普通股。
可兌換證券 可兌換證券是指可以在規定的期限內轉換為一定股票數量的證券。可兌換證券一般包括優先股和公司債券。國際上流行的公司債券面值一般為1 000美元，一般轉換期限為1～10 年不等。在這一期間投資者可以根據公司股票在股票市場的變動情況自行決定是否將債券轉化成股票。如果在債券到期後投資者沒有將債券兌換成股票；那麼，這類投資者就是債務公司的債權人。如果因股票價格上揚，兌換成股票，那麼這類投資者就成為公司的股東。理性的投資者決定是否兌換的依據是根據合約中股票價格的變動情況。我國《可轉換公司債券管理暫行辦法》規定，債券的面值為1000或100元人民幣，轉換期限為梯度式，即硬性規定某些年份里必須按一定比例強制將債券轉換成股票。
② 哪個好心人能幫忙找一篇英文論文關於「可轉換債券」方面的。如果隨有翻譯成中文的就更加謝謝了了
Convertible bonds depends primarily on the performance of the investment and financing of the operating conditions of the issuing company. Of financiers, the convertible bonds can lead to low-cost financing, equity dilution is relatively weak, to improve the capital structure, flexibility and strong performance; For investors, convertible bonds provide both the safety of the outstanding principal and give access to potential stock earnings growth opportunities. Convertible bonds for the use of effective investment and financing activity, we need to scientifically measured convertible bond performance of the investment and financing, investment and financing in order to avoid errors in decision-making.
First, the performance of convertible bond financing analysis
The issuance of convertible bonds by the financing of the performance of earnings per share to reflect. At the operational effectiveness of certain circumstances, the higher the earnings per share, stock value, the more a more shareholder wealth, the better the performance of financing. Analysis in order to facilitate understanding, the following examples.
Example: the original capital of the company FeiDa 9 000 million, 0.3 yuan per share, the original debt capital of 5 000 million, the annual interest rate of 3%, 33% income tax rate. Refinancing is to be 10 1 0 million yuan investment in new projects, the company decided to issue a face value of 1 000 million, interest rate 1.5% (simple interest), 5-year convertible bonds 100,000, Convertible price of 10 Yuan / shares, the conversion period of six month bonds to the maturity of the bonds after the day ended, and an agreement: If the closing price of shares FeiDa 30 consecutive trading days below the 70% Convertible Price, creditors have the right to hold all or part of convertible bonds to 105% of face value (including the current interest) price to sell the company FeiDa; FeiDa shares if the closing price for 30 trading days the price is higher than 130 percent Convertible, FeiDa companies have the right to 105% of face value (including the current interest) will be the price of the Convertible Bonds have not yet bought back. In addition, if the company is issuing shares FeiDa financing, according to the current stock market price of 8 / 1 125 million shares issued; if the general issue of bond financing, to issue a face value of 1 000 million, the interest rate 3% (simple interest), 5 years 100,000 bonds.
FeiDa company in the investment project under the premise of change, set up new projects of interest to achieve an annual pre-tax profit for the EBIT, the various modes of financing under the earnings per share (EPS) were calculated as follows:
Convertible bonds can be converted before: EPS1 = [(EBIT-10 000 × 1.5%) (1-33%) ÷ 9 000] +0.3;
After Convertible Convertible Bonds: EPS2 = [EBIT (1-33%) +0.3 × 9 000] ÷ (1 000 +9 000) (Note: The number of Convertible = 10 000 ÷ 10 = 1 000 million);
Issue of ordinary shares: EPS3 = [EBIT (1-33%) +0.3 × 9 000] ÷ (1 125 +9 000);
General bond issue: EPS4 = [(EBIT-10 000 × 3%) (1-33%) ÷ 9 000] +0.3.
It is clear that investment in new projects no matter how effective are EPS1> EPS4, EPS2> EPS3, that is, if the failure Convertible convertible bonds and convertible bond financing is always better than the performance of bond financing; Convertible convertible bonds, if successful, Convertible bond financing is always superior to the performance of common stock financing.
Order EPS1 = EPS3, the mode of financing can be obtained in two of the non-points: EBIT1 =
-2 680 (million).
Order EPS2 = EPS4, the mode of financing can be obtained in two of the non-points: EBIT2 =- 1 030 (million).
(1) When the return on investment in new projects is very poor, that is, at EBIT <-2 680 million cases, because of new projects FeiDa cause of the decline in the overall effectiveness of the company, stock prices down not up, Convertible bound to fail, then there is EPS3> EPS1> EPS4, convertible bond financing at this time is better than the performance of bond financing in general worse than the common stock financing.
(2) when the new investment projects in poor, that is, although EBIT at more than -2 680 million, but still not enough to promote the exercise of creditors to the case of equity, then there is EPS1> EPS3, EPS1> EPS4, at this time Convertible bond financing is better than the performance of common stock financing and bond financing in general, is the best option.
(3) When the new project a very good investment returns, that is, companies in the Mainland share prices have risen, and the exercise of incentive to creditors to the case of equity, EBIT necessarily much higher than -1 030 million, while there is EPS4> EPS2> EPS3 at this time could be better than the performance of convertible debt financing to facilitate the financing of ordinary shares in the general bond financing bad.
The above analysis results show that the interests of the shareholders, in most cases, the use of convertible bond financing are favorable, the main reasons are:
1. Low-cost financing. Convertible bond interest rates below the general rate bonds and tax credits have the effect. If the Convertible failure, which is equivalent to the company issued bonds with lower interest rates. Of course, the convertible bond financing, low-cost advantage will graally disappear as the Convertible, but compared with the direct offering financing, or saving some of the costs of pre-Convertible.
2. Diluted share capital of the relatively weak role. Diluted share capital of the new shareholders equity refers to the old shareholders equity dilution resulting from the specific performance of the non-operating earnings per share decline, stock prices fell. Although graally Convertible convertible bonds, the equity dilution effect will graally, but the dilution effect has lagged behind, offering direct financing to avoid the rapid expansion of equity shares arising problem down. In addition, higher prices because of Convertible financing a lot of issued shares, the total amount of financing certain circumstances, the Convertible is less than the number of shares the number of direct, to some extent, reced equity dilution effect.
3. To improve the capital structure. The use of bond financing, is bound to improve the company balance sheet, increased financial risk. General Notes to this effect until the maturity of the bonds to repay, and convertible bonds of this effect in most cases are temporary, with the exercise-to-equity swap, the original principal amount of the debt into a permanent capital inputs at the same time rece the liabilities increased by the interests of capital, financial risks decline, the company's capital structure improved.
4. Flexibility. The adoption of common stock and common bond financing, in the scale of financing, financing companies on the issue of time and financial requirements, such as on the law have more stringent controls, such as the previous fund-raising time of less than a year, continue to use these financing methods will be limited. At this point the use of convertible bond financing to avoid the law. In addition, the form of convertible bonds a variety of distribution companies in accordance with the needs of investors and companies choose their own different way of convertible bond financing.
Two, convertible bond investment performance analysis
Convertible bonds of investment performance can be reflected through the investment income. Investment units in the operational effectiveness of the circumstances must, at the same time to obtain higher return on investment, better investment performance. FeiDa is to invest in the above analysis shows the company as an example. To simplify the analysis process, ignores the impact of personal income tax, and assuming that investors in the Convertible Notes after the expiration of the period to the transfer of ownership does not.
1. When issued in good company when the share prices will rise even more than the price Convertible, Convertible are favorable at this time, investors will transfer some or all of the exercise of options. Must be noted that the investors receive shares of Convertible is not the same as premium income when the stock market in the Convertible Convertible prices and bad, because after the Convertible bring the equity share capital increase will lead to dilution effects of stock price declines, thereby share premium will offset some of the proceeds.
Example bid on, set the price for the Convertible at P0, all Convertible Notes may convert the price after the P1, based on the principle of no-arbitrage equilibrium, there is: P1 = (9 000P0 +1 000 × 10) ÷ (9 000 +1 000) = 1 +0.9 P0.
The assumption that investors in convertible bonds before maturity Convertible, then:
A 5-year convertible bonds amounted to earnings: R1 = 1 000 × 1.5% × 5 + (1 +0.9 P0-10) × (1 000 ÷ 10); a general 5-year revenue bond amount: R2 = 1 000 × 3% × 5 = 150 (million).
So that R1 = R2, can be obtained for receipts of non-point: P0 = 10.83 (RMB / share). It is clear that only in the stock market value of more than 10.83 yuan / exercise-to-equity shares, convertible bonds before the investment performance is superior to the general bond investments. If bond investors select a certain time before the expiration of the Convertible, analysis of its investment performance, the need to consider the dividend increase and loss of revenue bonds the difference between the interest income. Therefore, this case of convertible bonds are usually poor investment performance of investment in common stock.
2. When the issue of poor business, the company's share price changes can be difficult to break through the conversion of the Convertible Bond Price, Convertible usually ended in failure, but basically the principal and interest of bonds or guaranteed. If there fell back to the agreed conditions of sale, investors usually buy back the right to exercise.
Example for on, at the first n-based investors to sell in the exercise of the right, then:
N 1 convertible bonds amounted to years of income: R3 = 1 000 × [5% +1.5% × (n-1)]; a general revenue bond amount n years: R4 = 1 000 × 3% × n.
So that R3 = R4, non-point gains obtained: n = 2.33 (year). In other words, if the conditions to the sale of time shorter than 233 years, the convertible bond investment performance is superior to the general bond investment; if the conditions to the sale of time longer than 2.33 years, or even has not been the emergence of the exercise should not Back to the sale of rights, convertible bonds may be poor investment performance bonds in general. Therefore, this case of convertible bond investment performance is usually better than the common stock investment.
3. When the deterioration of operating conditions of the issuing company, which e to insolvency and bankruptcy, the company's shareholder value is zero, to lose everything invested. At this point, the principal amount of convertible bonds and bonds in general, can only get partial reimbursement, and other living in order to repay the secured creditor's rights after the mortgage, bankruptcy pre-interest income is also lower than the general bond. Therefore, this case of convertible bond investment performance is superior to common stock investments in bad bond investments in general.
This shows that investors select the following principles should be based on convertible bonds: ① issued the company's operating performance despite a certain degree of volatility, but more optimistic about the prospects. Such as the issuance of the company's operating performance has been increasing steadily, should be directly invested in stocks; such as the operation of the issuing company are pessimistic about the prospects, should invest in bonds in general. ② convertible bond interest rates and bond interest rates in general should not differ too much, otherwise, too much loss of interest income to pay the high cost of the options. ③ with the terms of a premium to the sale, when the company's share price fell a serious issue, they can rece the loss of investors. ④ the issuing company a higher credit rating, at least "Baa" level and above, because the safety of convertible bonds is lower than the level of protection secured mortgage debt.
③ 什麼是可兌換債券
可交換債券（Exchangeable Bond，簡稱EB）全稱為「可交換他公司股票的債券」，是指上市公司股份的持有者通過抵押其持有的股票給託管機構進而發行的公司債券，該債券的持有人在將來的某個時期內，能按照債券發行時約定的條件用持有的債券換取發債人抵押的上市公司股權。
④ 債券相關的英語詞彙，關於股票的英語單詞有哪些
bond, debenture, debts債券
negotiable share可流通股份
convertible bond可轉換債券
treasury/government bond國庫券/政府債券
corporate bond企業債券
closed-end securities investment fund 封閉式證券投資基金
open-end securities investment fund 開放式證券投資基金
fund manager基金經理/管理公司
fund custodian bank 基金託管銀行
market capitalization 市值
p/e ratio 市盈率(price/earning)
mark-to-market逐日盯市
payment versus delivery 銀券交付
clearing and settlement 清算/結算
commodity/financial derivatives 商品/金融衍生產品
put / call option 看跌/看漲期權
margins, collateral 保證金
rights issue/offering 配股
bonus share 紅股
dividend紅利/股息
ADR美國存托憑證/存股證(American Depository Receipt)
GDR全球存托憑證/存股證(Global Depository Receipt)
retail/private investor 個人投資者/散戶
institutional investor機構投資者
broker/dealer 券商
proprietary trading 自營
insider trading/dealing 內幕交易
market manipulation 市場操縱
prospectus招股說明書
IPO 新股/初始公開發行(Initial Public Offering)
merger and acquisition收購兼並
All Ordinaries Index （澳大利亞）股市指數
Amex(American Stock Exchange) 美國股票交易所
amortize 攤提，分期償還債務
annuity 年金享受權
asking price 賣主的開叫價
assess 對（財產等）進行估價，確定（款項）的金額
back 拖欠的
bad loan 呆賬，壞賬
lout 幫助……擺脫困境
balloon （分期付款中）最後數目特大的一筆
barometer 晴雨表，[喻]標記，指標
basis point 基點（一個百分點的百分之一）
bear markets 熊市
blue-chip （股票等）熱門的，（在同行中）最賺錢的
forex foreign exchange
bond 債券，公債
bourse 交易所，證券交易所
bull markets 牛市
bullish 牛市的
bunji-change 快速的大幅度變化
CAC-40 Index （法國）股市指數
CD(certificate-of-deposit) 大額存款單
Chicago Mercantile Exchange 芝加哥商業交易所
Consumer Price Index 消費者價格指數
contagion 蔓延
correction 調整
coupon rate 券根利率
CTA(Commodities Trading Advisor) 農礦產品交易顧問
Currency board 貨幣委員會
DAX index （法蘭克福）德國股市指數
dead loan 死帳
delist 從上市證券表中除名
derivatives 衍生金融商品（由利率或債券、外匯或匯率以及股票或股價指數等現貨市場衍生出來，主要有期貨futures、期權option trading與掉期swap三種類型，品種多達100餘種，股票與證券行業英語詞彙。）
discount 貼現
discount rate 貼現率
DJIA Dow-Jones Instrial Average 道•瓊斯公用事業股價平均數，英語詞彙《股票與證券行業英語詞彙》(http://m.unjs.com)。通常簡稱Dow（道），是30個主要工業公司股票價格的組合。
Dow-Jones Composite Average of 65 representative stocks 65種有代表性的股票的道•瓊斯公用事業股價平均數
Dow-Jones Transpositions Average 道•瓊斯運輸業股價平均數
Dow-Jones Utilities Average 道•瓊斯公用事業股價平均數
down 付現款
equity （押款金額以外的）財產價值，證券，股票
escrow 由第三者保存、等條件完成後即交受讓人的契據（或證書等）
face value 面值
Federal Agency Issues 聯邦機構債券
fluctuation 起伏
fluctuate 起伏
fraud 欺騙，欺詐
fraulence 欺騙（欺詐）行為
fraulent 欺詐的
FTSI Financial Times 100 Share Index （英國）金融時報100種股票指數
good 有效的
Hang Seng Index （香港）恆生指數
holdings 佔有的財產，股票
Ibbotson Small Company Index Ibbotson Company Index中包括近2700家公司：即在紐約股市上交易的最後的20%股票
imburse 賠償
initial share 原始股
IRA Indivial Retirement Account 個人退休賬號
junk bond 假債券
junk bonds 垃圾債券
lien 扣押權，留置權
liquidate 清算，破產
list （交易所）上市證券；把（證券）列人上市證券表
long position 多頭
margin 差額，保險金
mutual fund 公共基金
NASD=National Association of Securities Dealers 全美證券交易者協會
NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) 納斯達克（全美證券交易者協會自動化摘要）
NAV (Net Asset Value) 凈資產值
new issue ( IPOInitial Public Offering)新上市股票
Nikkei Stock Aver age 日經股票平均指數
nosedive （價格等）暴跌
NYSE』Volume 紐約股票交易量
NYSE』s composite index 紐約股票交易綜合指數
NYSE(New York Stock Exchange) 紐約股票交易所(也稱或Big Board)
obligation 契約，債券
outstanding 拖欠的
par value 票面價值
plummet 驟然跌落
policy 保險單
pool 集合基金
portfolio 有價證券
preferred stock 優先股票
premium 獎金，傭金，擔保費
premium 溢價
proceeds 收入，收益
rally （股票價格等）止跌，上揚
rebound 反彈
recoup 償還，補償
recovery 恢復
red-chip share 紅籌股
refund 償還
rescue package 一攬子救援計劃
resilience 回彈，復原力
resilient 有回彈力的，恢復活力的
risk 保險項目
run 擠提存款,擠兌,爭購
Russell 2000 Russell 2000種小資本股票
S&P 500(Standard & Poor』s 500 Composite Stock Price Index) 標准普爾股價指數
SEC(Federal Securities and Exchange Commission) 聯邦證券與交易委員會
securities 證券，債券
shares （英）股票=（美）stock
shore up 支撐
slash （大幅度）削減（工資等）
slump 暴跌，不景氣
SMI index （蘇黎士市）瑞士股票指數
solvent 有償還能力的
speculate 投機
speculation 投機
speculator 投機者
T-Bill (Treasury Bill) 美國短期國債（每星期發行一次）
T-bond (Treasury Bond) 美國長期國債（期限為20年或30年）
T-note (Treasury Note) 美國中期國債（期限為2年到10年）
Technology-heavy Nasdaq 以技術為主的Nasdaq
Technology-laden Nasdaq 以技術為主的Nasdaq
term 年限
tech-heavy NASDAQ 以技術股票為主的NASDAQ
technology-rich stocks 技術股票
technology-weighted index (NASDAQ) 反映技術股票的指數(NASDAQ)
希望能幫助到你，望採納！！！
⑤ 債券兌息 英文怎麼說
Interest from bonds
⑥ 「可轉換公司債券投資的探討」英文怎麼翻譯
discussion on convertible bond investment
exploration on covertible bond investment