1、什麼是ST股票/*ST票？
滬深證券交易所在1998年4月22日宣布，根據1998年實施的股票上市規則，將對財務狀況或其它狀況出現異常的上市公司的股票交易進行特別處理。
ST股是指境內上市公司連續二年虧損，被進行特別處理的股票。*ST股是指境內上市公司連續三年虧損的股票。 由於 「特別處理」的英文是Special treatment（縮寫是「ST」），因此這些股票就簡稱為ST股。
財務狀況異常指: 1、最近一個會計年度的審計結果顯示股東權益為負值；扣除非經常性損益後的凈利潤為負值 2、最近一個會計年度的審計結果顯示其股東權益低於注冊資本,即每股凈資產低於股票面值； 3、注冊會計師對最近一個會計年度的財務報告出具無法表示意見或否定意見的審計報告； 4、最近一個會計年度經審計的股東權益扣除注冊會計師、有關部門不予確認的部分,低於注冊資本； 5、最近一份經審計的財務報告對上年度利潤進行調整,導致連續一個會計年度虧損； 6、經交易所或中國證監會認定為財務狀況異常的。
其他異常狀況指: 1、由於自然災害、重大事故等導致上市公司主要經營設施遭受損失,公司生產經營活動基本中止,在三個月以內不能恢復的； 2、公司涉及負有賠償責任的訴訟或仲裁案件,按照法院或仲裁機構的法律文書,賠償金額累計超過上市公司最近經審計的凈資產值的50%的； 3、公司主要銀行賬號被凍結,影響上市公司正常經營活動的； 4、公司出現其他異常情況,董事會認為有必要對股票交易實行特別處理的； 5、人民法院受理公司破產案件,可能依法宣告上市公司破產的； 6、公司董事會無法正常召開會議並形成董事會決議的； 7、公司的主要債務人被法院宣告進入破產程序,而公司相應債權未能計提足額壞賬准備,公司面臨重大財務風險的； 8、中國證監會或交易所認定為狀況異常的其他情形。
在上市公司的股票交易被實行特別處理期間，其股票交易應遵循下列規則： （1）股票報價日漲跌幅限制為5％； （2）股票名稱改為原股票名前加「ST」，例如「ST銀廣夏（000557）」； （3）上市公司的中期報告必須審計。
股票中 SST、*ST
*ST---公司經營連續三年虧損，退市預警。
ST----公司經營連續二年虧損，特別處理。
S*ST--公司經營連續三年虧損，退市預警 還沒有完成股改。
SST---公司經營連續二年虧損，特別處理 還沒有完成股改。
S----還沒有完成股改
*ST類股票想要摘掉*ST帽子必須全部符合如下條件： 1、並非連續兩年年報虧損（包括對以前年報進行的追溯調整），從現有ST的情況看，2006年年報必須盈利；2、最近一個會計年度的股東權益為正值，即每股凈資產為正值，新規定不再要求每股凈資產必須超過1元；3、最新年報表明公司主營業務正常運營，扣除非經常性損益後的凈利潤為正值，因此不能只看每股收益數據，還要看扣除非經常性損益後的每股收益；4、最近一個會計年度的財務報告沒有被會計師事務所出具無法表示意見或否定意見的審計報告；5、沒有重大會計差錯和虛假陳述，未在證監會責令整改期限內；6、沒有重大事件導致公司生產經營受嚴重影響的情況、主要銀行賬號未被凍結、沒有被解散或破產等交易所認定的情形。 若想一步到位摘掉*ST帽子，恢復10%的漲跌交易制度，在硬指標上必須是年報的每股收益、扣除非經常性損益後的每股收益以及每股凈資產三項指標同時為正值，才有提出摘帽的資格，交易所有權根據各家公司的具體情況來決定是否批准。
根據上海證券交易所的有關規定，某股票在除權日當天，在其證券代碼前標上XD，為英文Ex-Dividend的縮寫，表示股票除息，購買這樣的股票後將不再享有派息的權利股票。 「XD」是「exit dividend」的縮寫，是指除息的意思；
1、什麼是股權登記日、除權除息日?
上市公司的股份每日在交易市場上流通,上市公司在送股、派息或配股的時候,需要定出某一天,界定哪些股東可以參加分紅或參與配股,定出的這一天就是股權登記日。也就是說,在股權登記日這一天仍持有或買進該公司的股票的投資者,可以享有此次分紅或參與此次配股。這部分股東名冊由證券登記公司統計在案,屆時將所應送的紅股、現金紅利或者配股權劃到這部分股東的帳上。 所以,如果投資者想得到一家上市公司的分紅、配股權,就必須弄清這家公司的股權登記日在哪一天,否則就會失去分紅、配股的機會。 股權登記日後的第一天就是除權日或除息日,這一天或以後購入該公司股票的股東,不再享有該公司此次分紅配股。
2、什麼是含權、含息股、填權和貼權?
上市公司在宣布董事會、股東大會的分紅、配股董事大會方案後,尚未正式進行分紅、配股工作,股票未完成除權、除息前就稱為「含權」、「含息」股票。 股票在除權後交易,交易市價高於除權價,取得分紅或配股者得到市場差價而獲利,為填權。交易市價低於除權價,取得分紅、配股者沒有得到市場差價,造成浮虧,則為貼權。
3、除權、除息價怎樣計算?
上市公司進行分紅、配股後,除去可享有分紅、配股權利,在除權、除息日這一天會產生一個除權價或除息價,除權或除息價是在股權登記這一天收盤價基礎上產生的,計算辦法具體如下： 除息價的計算辦法為： 除息價＝股權登記日收盤價-每股所派現金。 除權價計算分為送股除權和配股除權。 送股除權計算辦法為：送股除權價＝股權登記日收盤價÷(1＋送股比例) 配股除權價計算方法為：配股除權價＝(股權登記日收盤價＋配股價×配股比例)÷(1＋配股比例) 有分紅、派息、配股的除權價計算方法為：除權價＝(收盤價＋配股比例×配股價-每股所派現金)÷(1＋送股比例＋配股比例) 註：除權、除息價均由交易所在除權日當天公布。
ADR 漲落比率(ADR行情）
ADR指標又叫漲跌比率指標或上升下降比指標，其英文全稱是「Advance Decline Ratio」。和ADL指標一樣，是專門研究股票指數走勢的中長期技術分析工具。
ADR指標的原理：
漲跌比率ADR指標是將一定時期內上市交易的全部股票中的上漲家數和下跌家數進行比較，得出上漲和下跌之間的比值並推斷市場上多空力量之間的變化，進而判斷市場上的實際情況。由於和ADL指標存在著一定的聯系，ADR指標又稱為回歸式騰落指數。該指標集中了股票市場中個股的漲跌信息，可反映股市大盤的強弱趨向，但沒有表現個股的具體的強弱態勢，因此，它和ADL一樣，同屬於是專門大勢廣量指標，是專門研究股票指數的指標，而不能用於選股與研究個股的走勢。 股票市場是多空雙方爭斗的戰場，這種爭斗在一定程度上是自發的，帶有較多的自由性和盲目性，其表現為股市上超買超賣的情況比較嚴重，有時候投資者盲目地追漲會造成股市超買，有時候又會盲目地殺跌造成股市地超賣。ADR指標就是從一個側面反應整個股票市場是否處於漲跌過度、超買超賣現象嚴重的情況，從而進行比較理性的投資操作。 漲跌比率ADR指標的構成基礎是「鍾擺原理」，即當一方力量過大時，會產生物極必反的效果，向相反的方向擺動的拉力越強，反之，亦然。該原理表現在股市上，就意味著當股市中人氣過於高漲，股市屢創新高的以後，接下來可能就會爆發一輪大跌的行情，而當股市中人氣低迷，股價指數不斷下挫而跌無可跌的時候，可能一輪新的上漲行情即將展開。ADR指標就是通過一定時期內的整個股票市場上的上漲和下跌家數的比率，衡量多空雙方的變化來判斷未來股票市場整體的走勢。
A股：A股的正式名稱是人民幣普通股票。它是由我國境內的公司發行，供境內機構、組織或個人（不含台、港、澳投資者）以人民幣認購和交易的普通股股票。A股不是實物股票，以無紙化電子記賬，實行「T+1」交割制度，有漲跌幅（10%）限制，參與投資者為中國大陸機構或個人。
B股：商務印書館《英漢證券投資詞典》的解釋:英語為：B share。亦為：B種股票。 ①公司或投資基金發行的一種股份形式。在發行過程中，公司通過章程給不同股份形式賦予不同的權益，使公司股份出現A股、B股等形式。而不同公司賦予B股的權益也不盡相同。比如中國境內上市公司的A股公司普通股，可以上市流通；而B股為人民幣特種股票，不能流通。有些國家的B股為優先股，只享受固定紅利分配，沒有投票選舉權等。 ②特指中國上市公司發行的人民幣特種股票。以人民幣標明面值，以外幣認購和交易，在中國境內證券交易所上市。B股市場於1992年建立，2001年2月19日前僅限外國投資者買賣，此後，B股市場對國內投資者開放。 ③不支付前期管理費用的投資基金，但是這種基金要交納傭金及年費。如果投資者在持有基金的續存期限短於6～8年時退出，通常還要支付一定的賠償金
投資者如需買賣深、滬證券交易所B 股，應事先開立B股帳戶。
H股：H股也稱國企股，指注冊地在內地、上市地在香港的外資股。（因香港英文——HongKong首字母，而稱得名H股。）H股為實物股票，實行「T+0」交割制度，無漲跌幅限制。中國地區機構投資者可以投資於H股，大陸地區個人目前尚不能直接投資於H股。在天津，個人投資者可以在中國銀行各銀行網點開辦「港股直通車」業務而直接投資於H股。但是，國務院目前尚未對此項業務最後的開閘放水。個人直接投資於H股尚需時日。國際資本投資者可以投資H股。
N股：N股，是指那些在中國大陸注冊、在紐約（New York）上市的外資股。 我國上市公司的股票有A股、B股、H股、N股和S股等的區分。這一區分主要依據股票的上市地點和所面對的投資者而定。
上市首日股票
在我國股市中，當股票名稱前出現了N字，表示這只股是當日新上市的股票，字母N是英語New(新)的縮寫。看到帶有N字頭的股票時，投資者除了知道它是新股，還應認識到這只股票的股價當日在市場上是不受漲跌幅限制的，漲幅可以高於10％，跌幅也可深於10％。這樣就較容易控制風險和把握投資機會。 如N北化、N建行、N石油等。
A+H股：分別是A股和H股的簡稱。A+H就是指某家公司在內地的上海(或深圳)證券交易所和香港聯合交易所按照同股、同時、同價的原則分別發行A股和H股的行為。 如果我們把先發A再發H、或A股與H股同步發行稱之為「A+H」的話，那麼，我們應該看到，雖然同樣是兩地發行，但「A+H」與「H+A」是明顯不同的，甚至「A+H」比「H+A」要難得多。因為一個明顯的現實是，由於A股市場的不成熟，A股市場最主要還是一個投機市場，其股價明顯要比H股市場高。也正因如此，在通常情況下，同樣一隻股票，其A股的發行價往往要比H股市場的發行價高。面對這樣一種現實，「H+A」當然是最沒有阻力、最容易實現的。 由於H股發行在前，A股發行在後，而A股的發行價又明顯要高於H股的發行價甚至高於H股的市場價，因此，A股的發行只會增厚H股股東的權益，而不會損害H股股東的利益。如此一來，「H+A」就是H股股東也會積極支持。 A+H股是既作為A股在上海證券交易所或深圳證券交易所上市又作為H股在香港聯合交易所上市的股票。A股與H股之間通常有著價格差。若A股價格低於H股格，則A股具有估值優勢。若A股價格高於H股價格，則A股的估值有較高的嫌疑
2. 請幫忙將課程描述翻譯成英文，真的急急急啊！
"Basic Accounting", mainly to teach students basic accounting theory and accounting methods. Accounting basic theory major targets and tasks including accounting, accounting factor, accounting functions, accounting identity, account classification, and so forth. Accounting methods include the provision of accounts and accounts, loan accounts and the accounting method applied double-entry bookkeeping, Chen and audit certificate, registration books, cost, property inventory, accounting statements prepared. Have six key elements of the meaning of accounting and classification.
Teaching goals: The "Basic Accounting" the study, the accounting profession students not only grasp the basic concepts of accounting, basic theory and basic skills but also to develop students found accounting problems, analysis and the ability to resolve accounting issues, and graally enhanced awareness of accounting, the accounting profession mastering technology, the basic process of accounting practices, with the initial application of accounting language reflect the economic and business practices in the disclosure of accounting information to understand and to apply the basic capacity.
"Economic Law Foundation" comprising five parts, that is the basis of law and the basic principles of economic law, the main players in the market, market management, macro-economic regulation and control law and the proceral law. The course focused on the study: company law, partnership law, contract law, instrial property law, financial law, securities law and accounting, audit, statistics, and so forth. It also includes state-owned instrial enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, indivial-owned enterprises, enterprise bankruptcy law, security law, anti-unfair competition law, and proct quality, advertising, management of urban real estate, financial and taxation law, the government procurement Law and economic trials such as arbitration and the economy.
Teaching goals: the adoption of the comprehensive and systematic courses to learn to master the basic principles of economic law, and basic knowledge, the basic concept. Theory with practice, see relevant laws and regulations and cases combined, so that students can apply the knowledge in dealing with actual problems.
"Economic Mathematics" on the function of the limit, derivative and differential, derivative applications, indefinite integral, integral, integral and infinite binary Series and the first order differential equations, and so forth.
Teaching goals: Through this course, students receive calculus equation, the basic concepts, basic theory and basic computing skills, to develop students with abstract thinking ability, logical reasoning and spatial imagination, and the integrated use of the knowledge to analyze and solve practical problems.
"Computer public infrastructure" main contents include: basic computer knowledge, the Windows operating system, computer network infrastructure and Internet applications, word processing software Word, Excel spreadsheets, making presentations with PowerPoint, FrontPage network instry tools such as the use of commonly used tools .
"Database" on the Access database software system and the basic concept of how to use. Include: the basic knowledge of database systems, the establishment of the steps relational database, the database of basic operations, database wizard applications, databases and database objects as well as the creation of the management and maintenance of the light of actual conditions on the use of the Access to create a small database process.
"Legal basis" by the three-part. Part I: Introction to the basic theory, the origin of law, the nature and role of the second part: the Constitution, administrative law, civil law, intellectual property law, the Marriage Law and inheritance laws, economic laws, labor law and social security law, the environment and protection of natural resources law, criminal law, proceral law. Part III: international law, private international law and the World Trade Organization's fundamental principles, the scope of application and the main norms.
3. 報考CFA，CIIA，FRM需要具備什麼能力比如說英語，數學之類的
CFA報考資格：
1. 擁有學士學位或相當的專業水準以上，對專業沒有任何限制;
大學學習年限與全職工作經驗合計滿四年;
如果申請人不具備學士學位，而是具備相當的專業水準，也可被接受為候選人。CFA會用工作經歷來考核申請人的專業水準，一般來講，4年的工作經歷即被視為 替代學士學位。這4年的工作經歷，不一定要從事投資領域相關工作，只要是合法、全職、專業性的工作經歷都可被接受;
在校大學生，最早可在畢業前18個月內注冊報名考試。
2. 遵守職業道德規范
3. 完成注冊和報名以及支付費用
4. 能夠用英語參加考試
CIIA考試包括國際通用知識考試和本地考試兩部分，國際通用考試部分包括兩級，基礎考試和最終考試。在我國，中國證券業協會只舉辦國際通用考試的最終考試。ACIIA認可協會的從業資格考試代替國際基礎考試和本地考試。
報名條件如下：
（一）已通過證券業從業人員資格考試五個科目考試；
（二）本科及以上學歷；
（三）最近五年無不良行為記錄；
（四）品行端正，具有良好的職業道德。
FRM報考條件：
沒有學歷與行業上的限制，大學在校學生亦可報考
對英文水平的要求：一般大學英語六級即可，需要豐富的金融專業詞彙
對數學的要求：低於數三難度。主要是概率與統計的內容偏多。微積分部分較少涉及。
CFA全稱 Chartered Financial Analyst （特許注冊金融分析師），是全球投資業里最為嚴格與含金量最高的資格認證，被稱為金融第一考的考試，為全球投資業在道德操守、專業標准及知識體系等方面設立了規范與標准。自1962年設立CFA課程以來，對投資知識、准則及道德設立了全球性的標准，被廣泛認知與認可。《金融時報》雜志於2006年將CFA專業資格比喻成投資專才的「黃金標准」。
注冊國際投資分析師（Certified International Investment Analyst，CIIA）資格是全球投資分析領域最具國際影響力的專業資格之一，由注冊國際投資分析師協會（Association of Certified International Investment Analyst ， ACIIA）統一管理。通過CIIA®考試並擁有在財務分析、資產管理或投資等領域三年以上相關的工作經歷，即可獲得由注冊國際投資分析師協會（Association of Certified International Investment Analyst，ACIIA）、中國證券業協會（SAC）、注冊國際投資分析師考試委員會聯合頒發的CIIA證書，該證書得到ACIIA及其各成員組織的認可。CIIA證書持有者適合從事經紀行業、投資分析、企業融資以及投資銀行等工作。CIIA®考試作為國際認可的金融投資領域的專業資格考試，被中國證券業協會認定為中國證券業投資分析領域最高水平考試，中國考區由中國證券業協會主辦，每年3月和9月在北京、上海、深圳、西安、成都五個城市同時舉辦兩次考試。
FRM（Financial Risk Manager）是全球金融風險管理領域頂級的權威國際資格認證，由美國「全球風險管理協會」（Global Association of Risk Professionals ，簡稱GARP）設立。
GARP是一個擁有來自超過195個國家的150000名會員的世界最大的金融協會組織之一，主要分別服務於5000多家銀行、證券公司、學術研究機構、政府管理機構、資產管理機構、保險公司及非金融性公司等。其主要職能是通過信息交換，實施教育計劃，提高全世界金融風險管理領域的標准。
4. 關於CFA 及 金融英語
CFA考試對考生的英語水平無特別要求，不需要通過金融英語考試。
但鑒於考試為全英文試卷、全英文做答，故考生的英語水平應建立在正確理解試題及正確表達考生觀點的基礎之上。
英語並不是CFA考試的硬性指標，一般英語四級就可以了，CFA考試考的不是語法等知識，只要能順利讀懂考題和教材知識就可以了，在答題中即使語法拼寫錯誤但是意思和邏輯表述清楚也不會扣分，重要的是掌握專業金融詞彙和知識，做好充實的知識儲備。
投資報告的編寫即使語法錯誤或者拼寫錯誤也不會扣分，主要是關鍵投資點的分析，如風險承受程度、投資年限、風險規避、稅收規劃等等，掌握專業的基礎知識才是CFA的要求，其他知識一般的參考標准。
小貼士：CFA考試對數學的要求不超過數三，主要考的是概率統計的知識，涉及到概率測算，但是不會涉及微積分等高級知識。雖然有財務的科目，但是財務的考核不會像中國的CPA考試那樣那麼難，那麼讓人無從捉摸。CFA的考試就是針對實務能力的測驗，考試很直觀，教材和課程的設置也很直白，通俗易懂，和實務投資分析息息相關。
金融英語證書考試制度（Financial English Certificate Test）是1994年經中國人民銀行和原國家教委聯合發文（銀發[1994]107號）批准建立的我國第一個國家級行業性專業外語水平證書考試制度。旨在通過統一的標准化考試程序和測試標准，為中國金融業提供金融英語水平行業參考標准，測試並認定應試人員的金融英語語言水平及應用能力，促進金融從業人員及相關社會人員不斷提高金融英語水平。
5. 請問證券市場基礎知識，證券交易，這兩本書用英文怎麼說還有證券業從業資格考試這個怎麼說呢~
證券基礎知識：Basic knowledge of securities
證券交易：Stock Exchange
證券業從業資格考試： Securities qualification examination
證券是多種經濟權益憑證的統稱，也指專門的種類產品，是用來證明券票持有人享有的某種特定權益的法律憑證。 它主要包括資本證券、貨幣證券和商品證券等。狹義上的證券主要指的是證券市場中的證券產品，其中包括產權市場產品如股票，債權市場產品如債券，衍生市場產品如股票期貨、期權、利率期貨等。證券學的學科體系是由從不同角度研究證券市場的行為特徵及其運行規律的各分支學科綜合構成的有機體系，主要包括傳統證券學理論和演化證券學理論兩大研究領域。
6. 請問英文金融專業詞彙的問題
原文翻譯：
初級金融工具是指價值不取決於其他工具，而是由市場決定其價值的金融工具。
次級金融指價值是通過比照初級金融工具的價值而決定的金融工具。
沒有見過這樣的定義。
根據上述定義，個人理解所謂初級金融工具應當是原始金融工具：債券、股票等一般金融工具。
次級金融工具是指衍生金融工具，如期貨、期權等。
7. ACCA,CISA,FSA,CFA,CFP,PMP誰幫忙用英文解釋下這幾個金融資格職業證書,(不要解釋是什麼的縮寫)
CISA is an audit professional certification sponsored by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). Candidates for the certification must meet requirements set by ISACA。
The CISA certification was established in 1978[1] for several reasons:
Develop and maintain a tool that could be used to evaluate an indivials' competency in concting information system audits.
Provide a motivational tool for information systems auditors to maintain their skills, and monitor the success of the maintenance programs.
Provide criteria to help aid management in the selection of personnel and development.
The first CISA examination was administered in 1981, and registration numbers have grown each year. Over 60,000[1] candidates have earned the CISA designation.
The CISA certification has been recognised with ANSI accreditation, along with the CISM certification- both of these certifications are managed by ISACA. It is one of the few certifications formally approved by the US Department of Defense in their Information Assurance Technical category (DoD 8570.01-M).
Requirements
Candidates for a CISA certification must pass the examination, agree to adhere to ISACA's Code of Professional Ethics, submit evidence of a minimum of five years of professional IS auditing, control, or security work, and abide by a program of continuing professional ecation.
Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be obtained as follows:[2]
A maximum of one year of information systems experience OR one year of financial or operational auditing experience can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control, or security experience.
60 to 120 completed college semester credit hours (the equivalent of an Associate or Bachelor degree) can be substituted for one or two years, respectively, of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
Two years as a full-time university instructor in a related field (e.g., computer science, accounting, information systems auditing) can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
[edit] Examination
The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within 4 hours. The exam is split between 6 Content Areas as of 2006:
IS Audit Process - 10% of Exam
IT Governance - 15% of Exam
Systems and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management - 16% of Exam
IT Service Delivery and Support - 14% of Exam
Protection of Information Assets - 31% of Exam
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery - 14% of Exam
The exam is now offered in 11 languages at more than 200 locations worldwide in June and December.
The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is a British chartered accountancy body with a global presence that offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 122,426 members and 325,606 affiliates and students in 170 countries. The Institute's headquarters are in London with the principal administrative office being based in Glasgow. In addition the ACCA has a network of nearly 80 staffed offices and other centres around the world.
The ACCA is a founding member body of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
The term 'Chartered' in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974 by Her Majesty the Queen in the United Kingdom.
Since Chartered Certified Accountant is a legally protected term, indivials who describe themselves as Chartered Certified Accountants must be members of ACCA and, if they carry out public practice engagements, must comply with additional regulations such as holding a practising certificate, being insured against any possible liability claims and submitting to inspections.
The Association of Authorised Public Accountants (AAPA), one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since 1996.
FSA is an independent non-governmental body, quasi-judicial body and a company limited by guarantee that regulates the financial services instry in the United Kingdom.
The Financial Services and Markets Act imposed four statutory objectives upon the FSA:
market confidence: maintaining confidence in the financial system
public awareness: promoting public understanding of the financial system;
consumer protection: securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and
rection of financial crime: recing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime
[edit] Regulatory principles
The statutory objectives are supported by a set of principles of good regulation which the FSA must have regard to when discharging its functions. These are:
efficiency and economy: the need to use its resources in the most efficient and economic way.
role of management: a firm』s senior management is responsible for its activities and for ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements. This principle is designed to guard against unnecessary intrusion by the FSA into firms』 business and requires it to hold senior management responsible for risk management and controls within firms. Accordingly, firms must take reasonable care to make it clear who has what responsibility and to ensure that the affairs of the firm can be adequately monitored and controlled.
proportionality: The restrictions the FSA imposes on the instry must be proportionate to the benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions. In making judgements in this area, the FSA takes into account the costs to firms and consumers. One of the main techniques they use is cost benefit analysis of proposed regulatory requirements. This approach is shown, in particular, in the different regulatory requirements applied to wholesale and retail markets.
innovation: The desirability of facilitating innovation in connection with regulated activities. For example, allowing scope for different means of compliance so as not to unly restrict market participants from launching new financial procts and services.
international character: Including the desirability of maintaining the competitive position of the UK. The FSA takes into account the international aspects of much financial business and the competitive position of the UK. This involves co-operating with overseas regulators, both to agree international standards and to monitor global firms and markets effectively.
competition: The need to minimise the adverse effects on competition that may arise from the FSA's activities and the desirability of facilitating competition between the firms it regulates. This covers avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry or business expansion. Competition and innovation considerations play a key role in the FSA's cost-benefit analysis work. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, the Treasury, the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission all have a role to play in reviewing the impact of the FSA's rules and practices on competition.
[edit] Accountability and management
The FSA is accountable to Treasury Ministers, and through them to Parliament. It is operationally independent of Government and is funded entirely by the firms it regulates through fines, fees and compulsory levies. Its Board consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Operating Officer, two Managing Directors, and 11 non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman) selected by, and subject to removal by, HM Treasury. Among these, the Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England is an ex officio Board member. This Board decides on overall policy with day-to-day decisions and management of the staff being the responsibility of the Executive. This is divided into three sections each headed by a Managing director and having responsibility for one of the following sectors: retail markets, wholesale and institutional markets, and regulatory services.
Its regulatory decisions can be appealed to the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal.
HM Treasury decides upon the scope of activities that should be regulated, but it is for the FSA to decide what shape the regulatory regime should take in relation to any particular activities.
The FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel [2]. This panel describes itself as "An Independent Voice for Consumers of Financial Services". Members of the panel are appointed and can be dismissed by the FSA and emails to them are directed to FSA staff. The Financial Services Consumer Panel will not address indivial consumer complaints.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is an international professional designation offered by the CFA Institute of USA (formerly known as AIMR) to financial analysts who complete a series of three examinations. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree (or equivalent), be in the final year of their bachelor's degree program, or have at least four years of qualified, professional work experience in order to take the exams. In order to become a "CFA Charterholder" candidates must pass all three exams, agree to comply with the code of ethics, pay member es, and have four years of work experience deemed acceptable by the CFA Institute. CFA charterholders are also obligated to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and Standards governing their professional conct
The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designation is a certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States. To receive authorization to use the designation, the candidate must meet ecation, examination, experience and ethics requirements, and pay an ongoing certification fee.[1]. The information contained herein relates specifically to CFP certification in the United States. For information on CFP certification outside of the United States, please see the FPSB website at http://www.fpsb.org/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=110 for a list of affiliate member organizations and their respective websites.
The CFP Certification Examination is a 10-hour multiple choice exam, divided into one four-hour session (Friday afternoon) and two three-hour sessions (Saturday). The exam includes three major case problems and is designed to assess the student's ability to apply his or her knowledge of the aforementioned areas to financial planning situations. The exam was set as a requirement in 1993 and at that time CFPs were grandfathered without having to pass this exam. [5]
Indivials holding professional designations pre-approved by the CFP Board (like PhDs in business and economics, attorneys, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Chartered Accountants (CA), Chartered Wealth Managers (AAFM) ), and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) are entitled to register for and take the exam without having to complete the ecation requirements by using the CFP-board's challenge status.
Project Management Professional is properly expressed as the credential PMP. The credentialing agency is the Project Management Institute ([1] PMI). This credential is obtained by gaining a certification in project management through the completion of PMI certified training and examination. PMP training and examination material comes from the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK published most recently in 2007. Most exam questions reference PMI's project quality standards documented in the PMBOK. The PMP credential undergoes rigorous validation by ISO, and the PMBOK methodology is widely regarded as the instry standard for Project Management and has been adopted as the single standard for project management by agencies such as NASA.
PMP (Project Management Professional) is one of four concentrations offered by PMI in the study of Project Management:
1. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management: This certification is obtained after passing the CAPM Exam
2. PMP Project Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMP Exam
3. PgMP Program Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PgMP Exam
4. PMI RMP PMI Risk Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMI-RMP Exam
8. CFA考試 是英文 還是中文
同學你好，很高興為你回答：
首先，CFA考試是全英文的，其實需要知道的是雖說是全英文考試，但是CFA考試對於英文的要求並不是很高，一般過了英語四級、六級的考生就都可以應付考試了，需要能看懂平常的英文文章，尤其是將來CFA二級考試時能夠大篇幅的閱讀英文的文章。一級和二級都是選擇題。三級的時候還有主觀題，還要求用英文簡短的回答問題。
CFA考試雖然是純英文的考試，但它更是金融類考試。所以考生千萬不要被英語所嚇倒，因為就算你是英語專業出身也要從頭學起。CFA證書這門考試作為一個純金融學領域的考試，在金融的所有的書籍中，存在最多的不是生僻詞，而是專業名詞。這些專業名詞，都有獨特的翻譯，獨特的理解。無論考生的英語水平如何仍然要從專業詞彙學起。
金融英語的學習不同於普通英語，普通的英文需要你學會聽說讀寫，而CFA考試你只需要掌握必要的金融英語詞彙及金融基礎知識。在學習CFA一級課程中，對於英文不好的人來說，當他們剛開始學習CFA考試課程時，會先學習CFA中文版的教材，然後再進行英文教材的學習。
關於CFA考試三個級別的問題，考過CFA一級考試是不會獲得證書的，但是可以從CFA官網上面下載成績單來證明自己已經通過一級考試，這對求職也是有一定幫助的。不過若是想以後從事金融行業的工作，建議還是把全部三個級別考過，申請持證。
希望這篇能夠幫助到你！
9. 證券從業考英語有哪些
同學你好，很高興為您解答！
證券業從業人員一般從業資格考試的考試科目將由原證券市場基礎知識、證券交易、證券投資基金、證券投資分析和證券發行與承銷五個科目調整為證券市場基本法律法規和金融市場基礎知識兩個科目（相關考試大綱已在協會網站公告）。具體考試改革公告將在協會網站另行發布。
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