1、什么是ST股票/*ST票？
沪深证券交易所在1998年4月22日宣布，根据1998年实施的股票上市规则，将对财务状况或其它状况出现异常的上市公司的股票交易进行特别处理。
ST股是指境内上市公司连续二年亏损，被进行特别处理的股票。*ST股是指境内上市公司连续三年亏损的股票。 由于 “特别处理”的英文是Special treatment（缩写是“ST”），因此这些股票就简称为ST股。
财务状况异常指: 1、最近一个会计年度的审计结果显示股东权益为负值；扣除非经常性损益后的净利润为负值 2、最近一个会计年度的审计结果显示其股东权益低于注册资本,即每股净资产低于股票面值； 3、注册会计师对最近一个会计年度的财务报告出具无法表示意见或否定意见的审计报告； 4、最近一个会计年度经审计的股东权益扣除注册会计师、有关部门不予确认的部分,低于注册资本； 5、最近一份经审计的财务报告对上年度利润进行调整,导致连续一个会计年度亏损； 6、经交易所或中国证监会认定为财务状况异常的。
其他异常状况指: 1、由于自然灾害、重大事故等导致上市公司主要经营设施遭受损失,公司生产经营活动基本中止,在三个月以内不能恢复的； 2、公司涉及负有赔偿责任的诉讼或仲裁案件,按照法院或仲裁机构的法律文书,赔偿金额累计超过上市公司最近经审计的净资产值的50%的； 3、公司主要银行账号被冻结,影响上市公司正常经营活动的； 4、公司出现其他异常情况,董事会认为有必要对股票交易实行特别处理的； 5、人民法院受理公司破产案件,可能依法宣告上市公司破产的； 6、公司董事会无法正常召开会议并形成董事会决议的； 7、公司的主要债务人被法院宣告进入破产程序,而公司相应债权未能计提足额坏账准备,公司面临重大财务风险的； 8、中国证监会或交易所认定为状况异常的其他情形。
在上市公司的股票交易被实行特别处理期间，其股票交易应遵循下列规则： （1）股票报价日涨跌幅限制为5％； （2）股票名称改为原股票名前加“ST”，例如“ST银广夏（000557）”； （3）上市公司的中期报告必须审计。
股票中 SST、*ST
*ST---公司经营连续三年亏损，退市预警。
ST----公司经营连续二年亏损，特别处理。
S*ST--公司经营连续三年亏损，退市预警 还没有完成股改。
SST---公司经营连续二年亏损，特别处理 还没有完成股改。
S----还没有完成股改
*ST类股票想要摘掉*ST帽子必须全部符合如下条件： 1、并非连续两年年报亏损（包括对以前年报进行的追溯调整），从现有ST的情况看，2006年年报必须盈利；2、最近一个会计年度的股东权益为正值，即每股净资产为正值，新规定不再要求每股净资产必须超过1元；3、最新年报表明公司主营业务正常运营，扣除非经常性损益后的净利润为正值，因此不能只看每股收益数据，还要看扣除非经常性损益后的每股收益；4、最近一个会计年度的财务报告没有被会计师事务所出具无法表示意见或否定意见的审计报告；5、没有重大会计差错和虚假陈述，未在证监会责令整改期限内；6、没有重大事件导致公司生产经营受严重影响的情况、主要银行账号未被冻结、没有被解散或破产等交易所认定的情形。 若想一步到位摘掉*ST帽子，恢复10%的涨跌交易制度，在硬指标上必须是年报的每股收益、扣除非经常性损益后的每股收益以及每股净资产三项指标同时为正值，才有提出摘帽的资格，交易所有权根据各家公司的具体情况来决定是否批准。
根据上海证券交易所的有关规定，某股票在除权日当天，在其证券代码前标上XD，为英文Ex-Dividend的缩写，表示股票除息，购买这样的股票后将不再享有派息的权利股票。 “XD”是“exit dividend”的缩写，是指除息的意思；
1、什么是股权登记日、除权除息日?
上市公司的股份每日在交易市场上流通,上市公司在送股、派息或配股的时候,需要定出某一天,界定哪些股东可以参加分红或参与配股,定出的这一天就是股权登记日。也就是说,在股权登记日这一天仍持有或买进该公司的股票的投资者,可以享有此次分红或参与此次配股。这部分股东名册由证券登记公司统计在案,届时将所应送的红股、现金红利或者配股权划到这部分股东的帐上。 所以,如果投资者想得到一家上市公司的分红、配股权,就必须弄清这家公司的股权登记日在哪一天,否则就会失去分红、配股的机会。 股权登记日后的第一天就是除权日或除息日,这一天或以后购入该公司股票的股东,不再享有该公司此次分红配股。
2、什么是含权、含息股、填权和贴权?
上市公司在宣布董事会、股东大会的分红、配股董事大会方案后,尚未正式进行分红、配股工作,股票未完成除权、除息前就称为“含权”、“含息”股票。 股票在除权后交易,交易市价高于除权价,取得分红或配股者得到市场差价而获利,为填权。交易市价低于除权价,取得分红、配股者没有得到市场差价,造成浮亏,则为贴权。
3、除权、除息价怎样计算?
上市公司进行分红、配股后,除去可享有分红、配股权利,在除权、除息日这一天会产生一个除权价或除息价,除权或除息价是在股权登记这一天收盘价基础上产生的,计算办法具体如下： 除息价的计算办法为： 除息价＝股权登记日收盘价-每股所派现金。 除权价计算分为送股除权和配股除权。 送股除权计算办法为：送股除权价＝股权登记日收盘价÷(1＋送股比例) 配股除权价计算方法为：配股除权价＝(股权登记日收盘价＋配股价×配股比例)÷(1＋配股比例) 有分红、派息、配股的除权价计算方法为：除权价＝(收盘价＋配股比例×配股价-每股所派现金)÷(1＋送股比例＋配股比例) 注：除权、除息价均由交易所在除权日当天公布。
ADR 涨落比率(ADR行情）
ADR指标又叫涨跌比率指标或上升下降比指标，其英文全称是“Advance Decline Ratio”。和ADL指标一样，是专门研究股票指数走势的中长期技术分析工具。
ADR指标的原理：
涨跌比率ADR指标是将一定时期内上市交易的全部股票中的上涨家数和下跌家数进行比较，得出上涨和下跌之间的比值并推断市场上多空力量之间的变化，进而判断市场上的实际情况。由于和ADL指标存在着一定的联系，ADR指标又称为回归式腾落指数。该指标集中了股票市场中个股的涨跌信息，可反映股市大盘的强弱趋向，但没有表现个股的具体的强弱态势，因此，它和ADL一样，同属于是专门大势广量指标，是专门研究股票指数的指标，而不能用于选股与研究个股的走势。 股票市场是多空双方争斗的战场，这种争斗在一定程度上是自发的，带有较多的自由性和盲目性，其表现为股市上超买超卖的情况比较严重，有时候投资者盲目地追涨会造成股市超买，有时候又会盲目地杀跌造成股市地超卖。ADR指标就是从一个侧面反应整个股票市场是否处于涨跌过度、超买超卖现象严重的情况，从而进行比较理性的投资操作。 涨跌比率ADR指标的构成基础是“钟摆原理”，即当一方力量过大时，会产生物极必反的效果，向相反的方向摆动的拉力越强，反之，亦然。该原理表现在股市上，就意味着当股市中人气过于高涨，股市屡创新高的以后，接下来可能就会爆发一轮大跌的行情，而当股市中人气低迷，股价指数不断下挫而跌无可跌的时候，可能一轮新的上涨行情即将展开。ADR指标就是通过一定时期内的整个股票市场上的上涨和下跌家数的比率，衡量多空双方的变化来判断未来股票市场整体的走势。
A股：A股的正式名称是人民币普通股票。它是由我国境内的公司发行，供境内机构、组织或个人（不含台、港、澳投资者）以人民币认购和交易的普通股股票。A股不是实物股票，以无纸化电子记账，实行“T+1”交割制度，有涨跌幅（10%）限制，参与投资者为中国大陆机构或个人。
B股：商务印书馆《英汉证券投资词典》的解释:英语为：B share。亦为：B种股票。 ①公司或投资基金发行的一种股份形式。在发行过程中，公司通过章程给不同股份形式赋予不同的权益，使公司股份出现A股、B股等形式。而不同公司赋予B股的权益也不尽相同。比如中国境内上市公司的A股公司普通股，可以上市流通；而B股为人民币特种股票，不能流通。有些国家的B股为优先股，只享受固定红利分配，没有投票选举权等。 ②特指中国上市公司发行的人民币特种股票。以人民币标明面值，以外币认购和交易，在中国境内证券交易所上市。B股市场于1992年建立，2001年2月19日前仅限外国投资者买卖，此后，B股市场对国内投资者开放。 ③不支付前期管理费用的投资基金，但是这种基金要交纳佣金及年费。如果投资者在持有基金的续存期限短于6～8年时退出，通常还要支付一定的赔偿金
投资者如需买卖深、沪证券交易所B 股，应事先开立B股帐户。
H股：H股也称国企股，指注册地在内地、上市地在香港的外资股。（因香港英文——HongKong首字母，而称得名H股。）H股为实物股票，实行“T+0”交割制度，无涨跌幅限制。中国地区机构投资者可以投资于H股，大陆地区个人目前尚不能直接投资于H股。在天津，个人投资者可以在中国银行各银行网点开办“港股直通车”业务而直接投资于H股。但是，国务院目前尚未对此项业务最后的开闸放水。个人直接投资于H股尚需时日。国际资本投资者可以投资H股。
N股：N股，是指那些在中国大陆注册、在纽约（New York）上市的外资股。 我国上市公司的股票有A股、B股、H股、N股和S股等的区分。这一区分主要依据股票的上市地点和所面对的投资者而定。
上市首日股票
在我国股市中，当股票名称前出现了N字，表示这只股是当日新上市的股票，字母N是英语New(新)的缩写。看到带有N字头的股票时，投资者除了知道它是新股，还应认识到这只股票的股价当日在市场上是不受涨跌幅限制的，涨幅可以高于10％，跌幅也可深于10％。这样就较容易控制风险和把握投资机会。 如N北化、N建行、N石油等。
A+H股：分别是A股和H股的简称。A+H就是指某家公司在内地的上海(或深圳)证券交易所和香港联合交易所按照同股、同时、同价的原则分别发行A股和H股的行为。 如果我们把先发A再发H、或A股与H股同步发行称之为“A+H”的话，那么，我们应该看到，虽然同样是两地发行，但“A+H”与“H+A”是明显不同的，甚至“A+H”比“H+A”要难得多。因为一个明显的现实是，由于A股市场的不成熟，A股市场最主要还是一个投机市场，其股价明显要比H股市场高。也正因如此，在通常情况下，同样一只股票，其A股的发行价往往要比H股市场的发行价高。面对这样一种现实，“H+A”当然是最没有阻力、最容易实现的。 由于H股发行在前，A股发行在后，而A股的发行价又明显要高于H股的发行价甚至高于H股的市场价，因此，A股的发行只会增厚H股股东的权益，而不会损害H股股东的利益。如此一来，“H+A”就是H股股东也会积极支持。 A+H股是既作为A股在上海证券交易所或深圳证券交易所上市又作为H股在香港联合交易所上市的股票。A股与H股之间通常有着价格差。若A股价格低于H股格，则A股具有估值优势。若A股价格高于H股价格，则A股的估值有较高的嫌疑
2. 请帮忙将课程描述翻译成英文，真的急急急啊！
"Basic Accounting", mainly to teach students basic accounting theory and accounting methods. Accounting basic theory major targets and tasks including accounting, accounting factor, accounting functions, accounting identity, account classification, and so forth. Accounting methods include the provision of accounts and accounts, loan accounts and the accounting method applied double-entry bookkeeping, Chen and audit certificate, registration books, cost, property inventory, accounting statements prepared. Have six key elements of the meaning of accounting and classification.
Teaching goals: The "Basic Accounting" the study, the accounting profession students not only grasp the basic concepts of accounting, basic theory and basic skills but also to develop students found accounting problems, analysis and the ability to resolve accounting issues, and graally enhanced awareness of accounting, the accounting profession mastering technology, the basic process of accounting practices, with the initial application of accounting language reflect the economic and business practices in the disclosure of accounting information to understand and to apply the basic capacity.
"Economic Law Foundation" comprising five parts, that is the basis of law and the basic principles of economic law, the main players in the market, market management, macro-economic regulation and control law and the proceral law. The course focused on the study: company law, partnership law, contract law, instrial property law, financial law, securities law and accounting, audit, statistics, and so forth. It also includes state-owned instrial enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, indivial-owned enterprises, enterprise bankruptcy law, security law, anti-unfair competition law, and proct quality, advertising, management of urban real estate, financial and taxation law, the government procurement Law and economic trials such as arbitration and the economy.
Teaching goals: the adoption of the comprehensive and systematic courses to learn to master the basic principles of economic law, and basic knowledge, the basic concept. Theory with practice, see relevant laws and regulations and cases combined, so that students can apply the knowledge in dealing with actual problems.
"Economic Mathematics" on the function of the limit, derivative and differential, derivative applications, indefinite integral, integral, integral and infinite binary Series and the first order differential equations, and so forth.
Teaching goals: Through this course, students receive calculus equation, the basic concepts, basic theory and basic computing skills, to develop students with abstract thinking ability, logical reasoning and spatial imagination, and the integrated use of the knowledge to analyze and solve practical problems.
"Computer public infrastructure" main contents include: basic computer knowledge, the Windows operating system, computer network infrastructure and Internet applications, word processing software Word, Excel spreadsheets, making presentations with PowerPoint, FrontPage network instry tools such as the use of commonly used tools .
"Database" on the Access database software system and the basic concept of how to use. Include: the basic knowledge of database systems, the establishment of the steps relational database, the database of basic operations, database wizard applications, databases and database objects as well as the creation of the management and maintenance of the light of actual conditions on the use of the Access to create a small database process.
"Legal basis" by the three-part. Part I: Introction to the basic theory, the origin of law, the nature and role of the second part: the Constitution, administrative law, civil law, intellectual property law, the Marriage Law and inheritance laws, economic laws, labor law and social security law, the environment and protection of natural resources law, criminal law, proceral law. Part III: international law, private international law and the World Trade Organization's fundamental principles, the scope of application and the main norms.
3. 报考CFA，CIIA，FRM需要具备什么能力比如说英语，数学之类的
CFA报考资格：
1. 拥有学士学位或相当的专业水准以上，对专业没有任何限制;
大学学习年限与全职工作经验合计满四年;
如果申请人不具备学士学位，而是具备相当的专业水准，也可被接受为候选人。CFA会用工作经历来考核申请人的专业水准，一般来讲，4年的工作经历即被视为 替代学士学位。这4年的工作经历，不一定要从事投资领域相关工作，只要是合法、全职、专业性的工作经历都可被接受;
在校大学生，最早可在毕业前18个月内注册报名考试。
2. 遵守职业道德规范
3. 完成注册和报名以及支付费用
4. 能够用英语参加考试
CIIA考试包括国际通用知识考试和本地考试两部分，国际通用考试部分包括两级，基础考试和最终考试。在我国，中国证券业协会只举办国际通用考试的最终考试。ACIIA认可协会的从业资格考试代替国际基础考试和本地考试。
报名条件如下：
（一）已通过证券业从业人员资格考试五个科目考试；
（二）本科及以上学历；
（三）最近五年无不良行为记录；
（四）品行端正，具有良好的职业道德。
FRM报考条件：
没有学历与行业上的限制，大学在校学生亦可报考
对英文水平的要求：一般大学英语六级即可，需要丰富的金融专业词汇
对数学的要求：低于数三难度。主要是概率与统计的内容偏多。微积分部分较少涉及。
CFA全称 Chartered Financial Analyst （特许注册金融分析师），是全球投资业里最为严格与含金量最高的资格认证，被称为金融第一考的考试，为全球投资业在道德操守、专业标准及知识体系等方面设立了规范与标准。自1962年设立CFA课程以来，对投资知识、准则及道德设立了全球性的标准，被广泛认知与认可。《金融时报》杂志于2006年将CFA专业资格比喻成投资专才的“黄金标准”。
注册国际投资分析师（Certified International Investment Analyst，CIIA）资格是全球投资分析领域最具国际影响力的专业资格之一，由注册国际投资分析师协会（Association of Certified International Investment Analyst ， ACIIA）统一管理。通过CIIA®考试并拥有在财务分析、资产管理或投资等领域三年以上相关的工作经历，即可获得由注册国际投资分析师协会（Association of Certified International Investment Analyst，ACIIA）、中国证券业协会（SAC）、注册国际投资分析师考试委员会联合颁发的CIIA证书，该证书得到ACIIA及其各成员组织的认可。CIIA证书持有者适合从事经纪行业、投资分析、企业融资以及投资银行等工作。CIIA®考试作为国际认可的金融投资领域的专业资格考试，被中国证券业协会认定为中国证券业投资分析领域最高水平考试，中国考区由中国证券业协会主办，每年3月和9月在北京、上海、深圳、西安、成都五个城市同时举办两次考试。
FRM（Financial Risk Manager）是全球金融风险管理领域顶级的权威国际资格认证，由美国“全球风险管理协会”（Global Association of Risk Professionals ，简称GARP）设立。
GARP是一个拥有来自超过195个国家的150000名会员的世界最大的金融协会组织之一，主要分别服务于5000多家银行、证券公司、学术研究机构、政府管理机构、资产管理机构、保险公司及非金融性公司等。其主要职能是通过信息交换，实施教育计划，提高全世界金融风险管理领域的标准。
4. 关于CFA 及 金融英语
CFA考试对考生的英语水平无特别要求，不需要通过金融英语考试。
但鉴于考试为全英文试卷、全英文做答，故考生的英语水平应建立在正确理解试题及正确表达考生观点的基础之上。
英语并不是CFA考试的硬性指标，一般英语四级就可以了，CFA考试考的不是语法等知识，只要能顺利读懂考题和教材知识就可以了，在答题中即使语法拼写错误但是意思和逻辑表述清楚也不会扣分，重要的是掌握专业金融词汇和知识，做好充实的知识储备。
投资报告的编写即使语法错误或者拼写错误也不会扣分，主要是关键投资点的分析，如风险承受程度、投资年限、风险规避、税收规划等等，掌握专业的基础知识才是CFA的要求，其他知识一般的参考标准。
小贴士：CFA考试对数学的要求不超过数三，主要考的是概率统计的知识，涉及到概率测算，但是不会涉及微积分等高级知识。虽然有财务的科目，但是财务的考核不会像中国的CPA考试那样那么难，那么让人无从捉摸。CFA的考试就是针对实务能力的测验，考试很直观，教材和课程的设置也很直白，通俗易懂，和实务投资分析息息相关。
金融英语证书考试制度（Financial English Certificate Test）是1994年经中国人民银行和原国家教委联合发文（银发[1994]107号）批准建立的我国第一个国家级行业性专业外语水平证书考试制度。旨在通过统一的标准化考试程序和测试标准，为中国金融业提供金融英语水平行业参考标准，测试并认定应试人员的金融英语语言水平及应用能力，促进金融从业人员及相关社会人员不断提高金融英语水平。
5. 请问证券市场基础知识，证券交易，这两本书用英文怎么说还有证券业从业资格考试这个怎么说呢~
证券基础知识：Basic knowledge of securities
证券交易：Stock Exchange
证券业从业资格考试： Securities qualification examination
证券是多种经济权益凭证的统称，也指专门的种类产品，是用来证明券票持有人享有的某种特定权益的法律凭证。 它主要包括资本证券、货币证券和商品证券等。狭义上的证券主要指的是证券市场中的证券产品，其中包括产权市场产品如股票，债权市场产品如债券，衍生市场产品如股票期货、期权、利率期货等。证券学的学科体系是由从不同角度研究证券市场的行为特征及其运行规律的各分支学科综合构成的有机体系，主要包括传统证券学理论和演化证券学理论两大研究领域。
6. 请问英文金融专业词汇的问题
原文翻译：
初级金融工具是指价值不取决于其他工具，而是由市场决定其价值的金融工具。
次级金融指价值是通过比照初级金融工具的价值而决定的金融工具。
没有见过这样的定义。
根据上述定义，个人理解所谓初级金融工具应当是原始金融工具：债券、股票等一般金融工具。
次级金融工具是指衍生金融工具，如期货、期权等。
7. ACCA,CISA,FSA,CFA,CFP,PMP谁帮忙用英文解释下这几个金融资格职业证书,(不要解释是什么的缩写)
CISA is an audit professional certification sponsored by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). Candidates for the certification must meet requirements set by ISACA。
The CISA certification was established in 1978[1] for several reasons:
Develop and maintain a tool that could be used to evaluate an indivials' competency in concting information system audits.
Provide a motivational tool for information systems auditors to maintain their skills, and monitor the success of the maintenance programs.
Provide criteria to help aid management in the selection of personnel and development.
The first CISA examination was administered in 1981, and registration numbers have grown each year. Over 60,000[1] candidates have earned the CISA designation.
The CISA certification has been recognised with ANSI accreditation, along with the CISM certification- both of these certifications are managed by ISACA. It is one of the few certifications formally approved by the US Department of Defense in their Information Assurance Technical category (DoD 8570.01-M).
Requirements
Candidates for a CISA certification must pass the examination, agree to adhere to ISACA's Code of Professional Ethics, submit evidence of a minimum of five years of professional IS auditing, control, or security work, and abide by a program of continuing professional ecation.
Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be obtained as follows:[2]
A maximum of one year of information systems experience OR one year of financial or operational auditing experience can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control, or security experience.
60 to 120 completed college semester credit hours (the equivalent of an Associate or Bachelor degree) can be substituted for one or two years, respectively, of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
Two years as a full-time university instructor in a related field (e.g., computer science, accounting, information systems auditing) can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
[edit] Examination
The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within 4 hours. The exam is split between 6 Content Areas as of 2006:
IS Audit Process - 10% of Exam
IT Governance - 15% of Exam
Systems and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management - 16% of Exam
IT Service Delivery and Support - 14% of Exam
Protection of Information Assets - 31% of Exam
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery - 14% of Exam
The exam is now offered in 11 languages at more than 200 locations worldwide in June and December.
The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is a British chartered accountancy body with a global presence that offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 122,426 members and 325,606 affiliates and students in 170 countries. The Institute's headquarters are in London with the principal administrative office being based in Glasgow. In addition the ACCA has a network of nearly 80 staffed offices and other centres around the world.
The ACCA is a founding member body of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
The term 'Chartered' in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974 by Her Majesty the Queen in the United Kingdom.
Since Chartered Certified Accountant is a legally protected term, indivials who describe themselves as Chartered Certified Accountants must be members of ACCA and, if they carry out public practice engagements, must comply with additional regulations such as holding a practising certificate, being insured against any possible liability claims and submitting to inspections.
The Association of Authorised Public Accountants (AAPA), one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since 1996.
FSA is an independent non-governmental body, quasi-judicial body and a company limited by guarantee that regulates the financial services instry in the United Kingdom.
The Financial Services and Markets Act imposed four statutory objectives upon the FSA:
market confidence: maintaining confidence in the financial system
public awareness: promoting public understanding of the financial system;
consumer protection: securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and
rection of financial crime: recing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime
[edit] Regulatory principles
The statutory objectives are supported by a set of principles of good regulation which the FSA must have regard to when discharging its functions. These are:
efficiency and economy: the need to use its resources in the most efficient and economic way.
role of management: a firm’s senior management is responsible for its activities and for ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements. This principle is designed to guard against unnecessary intrusion by the FSA into firms’ business and requires it to hold senior management responsible for risk management and controls within firms. Accordingly, firms must take reasonable care to make it clear who has what responsibility and to ensure that the affairs of the firm can be adequately monitored and controlled.
proportionality: The restrictions the FSA imposes on the instry must be proportionate to the benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions. In making judgements in this area, the FSA takes into account the costs to firms and consumers. One of the main techniques they use is cost benefit analysis of proposed regulatory requirements. This approach is shown, in particular, in the different regulatory requirements applied to wholesale and retail markets.
innovation: The desirability of facilitating innovation in connection with regulated activities. For example, allowing scope for different means of compliance so as not to unly restrict market participants from launching new financial procts and services.
international character: Including the desirability of maintaining the competitive position of the UK. The FSA takes into account the international aspects of much financial business and the competitive position of the UK. This involves co-operating with overseas regulators, both to agree international standards and to monitor global firms and markets effectively.
competition: The need to minimise the adverse effects on competition that may arise from the FSA's activities and the desirability of facilitating competition between the firms it regulates. This covers avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry or business expansion. Competition and innovation considerations play a key role in the FSA's cost-benefit analysis work. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, the Treasury, the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission all have a role to play in reviewing the impact of the FSA's rules and practices on competition.
[edit] Accountability and management
The FSA is accountable to Treasury Ministers, and through them to Parliament. It is operationally independent of Government and is funded entirely by the firms it regulates through fines, fees and compulsory levies. Its Board consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Operating Officer, two Managing Directors, and 11 non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman) selected by, and subject to removal by, HM Treasury. Among these, the Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England is an ex officio Board member. This Board decides on overall policy with day-to-day decisions and management of the staff being the responsibility of the Executive. This is divided into three sections each headed by a Managing director and having responsibility for one of the following sectors: retail markets, wholesale and institutional markets, and regulatory services.
Its regulatory decisions can be appealed to the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal.
HM Treasury decides upon the scope of activities that should be regulated, but it is for the FSA to decide what shape the regulatory regime should take in relation to any particular activities.
The FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel [2]. This panel describes itself as "An Independent Voice for Consumers of Financial Services". Members of the panel are appointed and can be dismissed by the FSA and emails to them are directed to FSA staff. The Financial Services Consumer Panel will not address indivial consumer complaints.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is an international professional designation offered by the CFA Institute of USA (formerly known as AIMR) to financial analysts who complete a series of three examinations. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree (or equivalent), be in the final year of their bachelor's degree program, or have at least four years of qualified, professional work experience in order to take the exams. In order to become a "CFA Charterholder" candidates must pass all three exams, agree to comply with the code of ethics, pay member es, and have four years of work experience deemed acceptable by the CFA Institute. CFA charterholders are also obligated to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and Standards governing their professional conct
The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designation is a certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States. To receive authorization to use the designation, the candidate must meet ecation, examination, experience and ethics requirements, and pay an ongoing certification fee.[1]. The information contained herein relates specifically to CFP certification in the United States. For information on CFP certification outside of the United States, please see the FPSB website at http://www.fpsb.org/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=110 for a list of affiliate member organizations and their respective websites.
The CFP Certification Examination is a 10-hour multiple choice exam, divided into one four-hour session (Friday afternoon) and two three-hour sessions (Saturday). The exam includes three major case problems and is designed to assess the student's ability to apply his or her knowledge of the aforementioned areas to financial planning situations. The exam was set as a requirement in 1993 and at that time CFPs were grandfathered without having to pass this exam. [5]
Indivials holding professional designations pre-approved by the CFP Board (like PhDs in business and economics, attorneys, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Chartered Accountants (CA), Chartered Wealth Managers (AAFM) ), and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) are entitled to register for and take the exam without having to complete the ecation requirements by using the CFP-board's challenge status.
Project Management Professional is properly expressed as the credential PMP. The credentialing agency is the Project Management Institute ([1] PMI). This credential is obtained by gaining a certification in project management through the completion of PMI certified training and examination. PMP training and examination material comes from the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK published most recently in 2007. Most exam questions reference PMI's project quality standards documented in the PMBOK. The PMP credential undergoes rigorous validation by ISO, and the PMBOK methodology is widely regarded as the instry standard for Project Management and has been adopted as the single standard for project management by agencies such as NASA.
PMP (Project Management Professional) is one of four concentrations offered by PMI in the study of Project Management:
1. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management: This certification is obtained after passing the CAPM Exam
2. PMP Project Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMP Exam
3. PgMP Program Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PgMP Exam
4. PMI RMP PMI Risk Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMI-RMP Exam
8. CFA考试 是英文 还是中文
同学你好，很高兴为你回答：
首先，CFA考试是全英文的，其实需要知道的是虽说是全英文考试，但是CFA考试对于英文的要求并不是很高，一般过了英语四级、六级的考生就都可以应付考试了，需要能看懂平常的英文文章，尤其是将来CFA二级考试时能够大篇幅的阅读英文的文章。一级和二级都是选择题。三级的时候还有主观题，还要求用英文简短的回答问题。
CFA考试虽然是纯英文的考试，但它更是金融类考试。所以考生千万不要被英语所吓倒，因为就算你是英语专业出身也要从头学起。CFA证书这门考试作为一个纯金融学领域的考试，在金融的所有的书籍中，存在最多的不是生僻词，而是专业名词。这些专业名词，都有独特的翻译，独特的理解。无论考生的英语水平如何仍然要从专业词汇学起。
金融英语的学习不同于普通英语，普通的英文需要你学会听说读写，而CFA考试你只需要掌握必要的金融英语词汇及金融基础知识。在学习CFA一级课程中，对于英文不好的人来说，当他们刚开始学习CFA考试课程时，会先学习CFA中文版的教材，然后再进行英文教材的学习。
关于CFA考试三个级别的问题，考过CFA一级考试是不会获得证书的，但是可以从CFA官网上面下载成绩单来证明自己已经通过一级考试，这对求职也是有一定帮助的。不过若是想以后从事金融行业的工作，建议还是把全部三个级别考过，申请持证。
希望这篇能够帮助到你！
9. 证券从业考英语有哪些
同学你好，很高兴为您解答！
证券业从业人员一般从业资格考试的考试科目将由原证券市场基础知识、证券交易、证券投资基金、证券投资分析和证券发行与承销五个科目调整为证券市场基本法律法规和金融市场基础知识两个科目（相关考试大纲已在协会网站公告）。具体考试改革公告将在协会网站另行发布。
希望高顿网校的回答能帮助您解决问题，更多财会问题欢迎提交给高顿企业知道。
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