❶ 关于医疗保险保险的外文文献能不能给我发两个
医疗保险保险的外文文献WO帮你完成吧。
❷ 急求关于网络保险的英文文献！！！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA
网络保险
Internet Insurance
Network insurance
Net Insurance
保险学 Insurance
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=en
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
Principles of insurance
A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for indivial members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.
Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the indivial characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an indivial policy could proce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire instry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any indivial insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.
[edit] Indemnification
Main article: Indemnity
The technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.
An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].
Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an indivial, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.
[edit] Insurer’s business model
Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.
Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.
The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price procts accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).
An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.
Insurance companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.
In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance instry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]
Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, e to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.
Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.
Types of insurance
Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.
Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]
Health
Health insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for indivials to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.
[edit] Disability
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards.
Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.
[edit] Life insurance
Main article: Life insurance
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.
Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.
In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.
In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.
Property
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
字数超限了。。。
❸ 相关旅游保险的外文翻译怎么翻译呢为什么我搜索不到相关的外文文献呢急求。。
没看懂你的意思！能再说的详细点吗？
❹ 求助一篇关于保险的英文文献，谢谢
If you'd like to get quick auto insurance quotes, or find a local car insurance agent, you're in the right place. But we offer much more than car insurance. Thousands of satisfied customers depend on us for insurance on their homes. Plus we are America's #1 RV insurance specialist.
❺ 跪求一篇4000字左右的外文文献，关于银行保险的
2.Incentive contracts in the Chinese banking instry
To comprehend the impact of incentive contracts it is important to be familiar with the institutional background of China’s banking instry, the place in which the incentive contracts that we are studying were designed and executed. To this end we begin by focusing on two financial institutions in rural China, the Agricultural Bank of China(ABC)and the Rural Credit Cooperatives(RCC),covered by the survey data.
The ABC is one of the four specialized state-owned banks in China.5 It serves the financial needs of both urban and rural areas. In contrast, RCCs exclusively target rural clients. The main difference between the ABC and RCCs lies in the nature of ownership: the RCCs have a collective ownership status allowing them more flexibility in complying with central financial policies. The RCCs were formerly under the supervision of the ABC, but attained the status of an independent financial institution in 1994.These two financial institutions currently dominate the formal financial system in rural China.As of the late 1990s,they accounted for nearly 80 percent of total rural deposits and loans(Brandt and Li,2003;Brandt et al.,2005).
The ABC has its headquarters in Beijing and has branch offices at locations corresponding to every administrative level.6 In contrast, RCCs are local financial institutions with their headquarters–called the Federation of RCCs (xin yong lian she) –at the county level. In general, both the ABC and RCCs have established branches(henceforth referred to as bank branches)in each township. The locations of bank branches reflect the territorial structure of the governmental system, and the scope of business is designed to minimize overlapping and competition within the same institution.
Before the economic reforms started, China’s state-owned banks, just like other SOEs, were primarily subject to centralized management and economic planning. The government provided no incentives to motivate bank managers or workers to exert effort; their pay was predetermined and thus independent of performance. Since the early 1980s, however, China has sought to reform its banking sector. So far, the government’s major reform involves the introction of performance-based incentives for bank managers and workers; the managers are provided incentives, but the state has not relinquished ownership of the banks(Groves et al.,1994).As a major reform initiative to improve the performance of state-owned banks, especially targeted at increasing deposits and recing non-performing loans, the government initiated a bonus system for state-owned banks in the mid-1980s. Usually, the higher-level bank, a county bank in our case, signs a so-called responsibility contract indivially with each township branch manager. The contracts, normally signed on an annual basis, specify a formula tying the bank manager’s monetary rewards to performance.
2.奖励的合同，在中国银行界
理解的影响，激励合同，这是重要的是要熟悉的体制背景下中国的银行界，发生在其中的激励合同，我们正在研究，设计并执行枪决。为此，我们首先着眼于两个金融机构在中国农村，中国农业银行（ ABC法）和农村信用社（碾压混凝土） ，统计调查所涵盖的数据。
美国广播公司就是其中的四个专门国有独资商业银行在中国.5它的经济需要，城市和农村地区。在此相反，农村信用社专门的目标，农村的客户。之间的主要差别ABC和农村信用社，关键在性质所有权：农村信用社有一个集体所有权的地位，让他们更灵活地遵守中央的金融政策。该以前农村信用社的监督下的ABC ，但达到的地位，一个独立的金融机构在1994.these两个金融机构目前主宰正规金融体系在中国农村.例如20世纪90年代末，他们占近80 ％的占农村总存款及贷款（勃兰特和李， 2003年;勃兰特等人， 2005年） 。
美国广播公司其总部设在北京，并已分支办事处的地点，相应的每个行政级别.6此相反，农村信用社是地方金融机构与他们的总部所谓的联邦农村信用社（辛勇佘廉）在县一级。在一般，无论是ABC和农村信用社建立了党支部（此后被称为银行分行）在每一个乡镇。地点银行分行反映领土结构的政府系统，以及业务范围是设计，以尽量减少重叠和竞争，在同一机构。
前经济改革开始，中国的国有独资商业银行，就像其他国有企业，主要是受到集中管理和经济规划。政府没有提供诱因，激励银行经理或工人着力;他们的薪酬是既定的，因此独立的表现。自八十年代初期，但是，中国已要求改革其银行界。直至目前为止，政府的重大改革，涉及引入基于业绩的奖励措施，为银行管理人员和工人;基金经理所提供的诱因，但国家并没有放弃所有权的银行（林等人， 1994年） 。作为一个重大改革，主动改善的表现，国有独资商业银行，特别是有针对性的增加存款，减少不履约贷款，政府发起了花红制度，为国有独资商业银行在八十年代中期。通常情况下，更高水平的银行，一个县的银行在我们的情况下，标志一个所谓的责任，合同单独与每个乡镇分行经理。合同，通常签署了关于一年度的基础上，指定一个公式绑银行经理的货币奖励表现。
❻ 保险理财的外文文献
简单，推荐你上中国知网或中国期刊网下载，可能还得花点小钱！上面都是别人的论文，不要担心抄袭！
❼ 有关保险心理学方面的外文文献
我这里有一篇，还可以去http://search.ebscohost.com/
Insurance Consumer Psychology and influencing factors
Abstract: commercial insurance, as a special commodity, with the corresponding consumer demand and consumer psychology. Grasp the insurance consumer psychology, consumer psychology to explore the commercial insurance factors, and effectively carry out the insurance marketing is of great significance.
With the development of economy, the insurance instry as an important tertiary instry services instry, in social life plays an increasingly important role. Commercial insurance as a kind of special commodity, have their own consumers and the corresponding consumer demand. Grasp the insurance consumer psychology, actively carry out the marketing activities of insurance is in place before the new and old insurance company a formidable task. This paper consumption of commercial insurance and its impact on psychological factors, with a view to effectively carry out insurance to provide certain information and marketing.
First, insurance and the insurance consumer
In the insurance theory community, scholars from different angles under the definition of insurance, more generally applicable definition: "Similar insurance is a dangerous combination of the many units or indivials to a reasonable share of the calculation in the form of the realization of the members of the minority economic losses caused by dangerous accident compensation act "
Commercial insurance business to insurance as the target has been made here of insurance forms, it has the function of economic loss compensation or to provide economic security, thereby shift the risk of loss to meet people's needs. Independent insurance is a pure form of the protection of goods, of the body of which is the insurance policy. Insurance consumers can be a natural person may also be legal, insurance companies and customers is the relationship between commodity trading, insurance consumption on the premise that the price paid (premium). For insurance consumer must have a certain capacity to pay.
Commercial insurance policyholders delivery consumption that is the purchase of insurance premiums, the insurance company accepted the services provided; the subject occurred in the insurance agreement accident, the insurance company received compensation of economic losses, or when agreed by the time of the incident, receive insurance from the whole process . Based on the characteristics of self-insurance, insurance is different from the consumption of other consumer behavior characteristics:
1. Existence of the insurance risk is the establishment of conditions. Therefore, the insurance consumer on the premise that consumers have a potentially dangerous;
2. Insurance consumer to be the most common behavior. Insurance is based on majority rule, the risk of loss rate uncertainty, probability theory and other mathematical tools for economic loss of some or all of compensation for the average assessed, the insurance consumer is the process of the majority of mutual aid process, it must have a majority of participants;
3. Insurance is the result of consumer uncertainty. After compensation insurance is economic losses, insurance contracts built on the results of performance under the contract conditions, events may occur or may not occur foundation. Therefore, consumers in the insurance consumer decision-making that is the purchase of insurance policies, can not specifically aware of their consumption;
4. Insurance with personal consumption of. The guaranteed by the insurance contract is suffering losses to the insured herself, and personal禀性, behavior, and so will greatly affect the insurance subject to the possibility of occurrence and severity of losses. Therefore, insurance policyholders under different conditions and the situation of the insured object decision on whether to accept or conditionally accepted its insured
Second, the insurance consumer Psychological Analysis
Consumer behavior is the direct cause of psychological motivation, it is an inherent human Active forces can drive, prompted consumers to achieve their goals for consumption activities. Insurance policy holders to participate in activities are also subject to the disposal of certain psychological.
(1) for the psychological safety
Insurance motive is to promote direct insurance activities of the insurance consumer an internal dynamic. It is a kind of insurance needs, this need is an objective requirement in the insurance reflected in the minds of consumers, its performance for the insurance intentions, aspirations, and so the generation, on the insurance consumer play an active role in promoting.
The psychologist Maslow believe that the United States, with five human needs. First physiological needs; Second, security needs; third is social interaction needs; fourth is the need to be respected; Fifth, it is self-actualization needs. Generally, a level to meet the needs of the relative, another to a higher level. Insurance needs based on the physiological needs, security needs is a kind of extension. In particular, people on the insurance needs of this special commodity, is derived from people's security, stability and order needs.
(B) savings psychological
With the development of the insurance instry, more and more investment-oriented insurance procts have been promoting, such as ecation of the children of married to the current insurance, endowment insurance, and others have invested savings features. Some people in the economic conditions permitting, would consider such insurance. These types of security on the one hand has the role of maintaining and increasing the savings on the other hand there are the role. This psychological consumption for the insurance and will have a positive role in promoting.
(C) sheep mentality
Sheep mentality in the insurance consumption is widespread, the social trends, consumer class, social groups, and other factors, generate certain sectors of their career, the psychological line groups. Some people listen to people around that insurance is a good thing that people insured on the insurance with blindness, and they often did not know the meaning and significance of the insurance, which resulted from the sheep mentality of the insurance consumer is often not sustainable.
By the end of 1997, insurance has almost "out-of-stocks" popular scenes. "抢购风", a large number of the herd phenomenon, echoed its views blind, continued to pay premiums in the second year when it found that their own economic strength can not bear such high premiums, year after year, continued reference to continue its inadequacies, a lot of people were forced to surrender surrender brought losses to both sides addition, some surrender also losses e to cost disputes or complaints with insurance companies.
Therefore, the sheep mentality despite the insurance consumer in a certain period of time will play a catalytic role, but that role is not to promote lasting.
(D) psychological selfish profits
The psychological driven by selfish and take advantage of the insurance consumer behavior often buy insurance companies in an unfavorable position. As noted above, the consumption of personal insurance, because insurance subject danger and the possibility of a dangerous extent, to a large extent by the insurance consumer behavior of their own. The insurance process, between policyholders and insurance companies significant information asymmetry.
Selfish take advantage of the insurance consumer psychology is very clearly the functions of insurance companies, operating methods and the relevant provisions, they put the insurance as a profit-making ladder. In their unscrupulous insurance, or over-insured or the insured concealed conditions, is expected to deliberate must pass on the risk insurance companies. For example, private forbidden collective dangerous insured, and so on. Even some people will deliberately create insurance for accidents to cheat insurance companies "compensation", such as artificially create the false impression of theft, obtaining property insurance compensation insurance companies. Although such a mentality to some of the insurance consumer behavior, but that consumer behavior is not concive to the development of the insurance instry, with the relevant laws and regulations of the commercial insurance business, as well as the standardization of sound, which would tend to rece the psychological.
(5) luck, luck-based mentality
In front of the mentioned insurance depend on the results of consumer provisions in the period, in line with the conditions stipulated in the contract whether or not the incident occurred. The insurance consumer uncertainty led to a consumer's luck, luck-based mentality.
Some people considered dangerous possible, with luck they psychological, expect to pay less premiums are a rich compensation. However, if after a period of time, no insurance accident occurred, we believe that the insured unnecessary, disaster prevention are unfounded, and this time they would disappear prevention of mental, psychological and luck has prevailed, leading to surrender, the category of persons insured motive instability, which can not be lasting psychological insurance to promote consumption, consumption has hindered the insurance role.
(6) reliance on psychological
Impact also rely on the insurance consumer psychology. Such psychological part by the impact of the past planned economy, they think the accident occurred, the indivial can rely on flats, units can rely on the state's financial or Home Relief. At the same time, the traditional Chinese friends to rely on each other, parents rely on their children, their children also to a large extent on the psychological parents to rely on the people's psychological. In such a psychological impact, people are not part of the way to take insurance risk preparedness, but rely on relatives, friends or units, the state. This mentality led some people to the indifferent attitude of the insurance consumer.
(7) Comparison of Psychological Selection
As with other consumer behavior, consumers in the insurance consumer choice when compared with the psychological. They will be acquired in accordance with market information on various insurance procts and the possible alternatives (such as investment-oriented insurance and savings to a certain extent between the irreplaceable role), through analysis of its price and quality, thus they choose to said that the greatest benefits.
Third, the impact of psychological factors Insurance Consumer Analysis
Different insurance consumers have different insurance consumer mentality of the insurance consumer sentiment affected by many factors. Among these factors also have different degrees of interaction.
(A) personal psychological factors from a psychological point of view, each person has a different psychological structure, the most important of which is that the human personality tendencies. Including the needs, motivations, interests, ideals, beliefs, world outlook, outlook on life and values, and so on. Personality tendency to lead everyone has a different risk attitudes. Risk attitude is the psychological impact on insurance consumers inherent main reason. Nobel economics winners Arrow risk to people's attitude divided into three, a "good risk"; second is the "risk averse"; third "risk-neutral." Risk different attitude to face the future with the objective of the danger, different people have different risk preparedness needs, will have different insurance motive, which have different insurance consumer behavior.
(B) insurance proct quality and price
Consumer behavior, people inevitably will seek "cheap" and therefore, insurance commodity prices and the quality of their impact on the insurance consumer psychology as one of the factors.
Insurance of goods reflected in the quality of the service quality insurance companies, claims, personnel quality, professional ethics and business environment, and other factors. The insurance companies which service is particularly important. Apart from the disaster can be certain compensation, in the hope that consumers also insured program design, technical advice and other aspects of disaster prevention and satisfactory services. But as society, the changing economic environment, insurance services also need to pay attention to market research and promptly capture information, and constantly develop design meet the requirements of the insurance.
Commodity prices that insurance premiums. Commercial insurance consumer is built on a certain currency on the basis of ability to pay, therefore, the self-insurance commodity prices on the insurance consumer impact is very obvious. Generally speaking, the relationship between the two was the opposite direction changes. Indivials or units when buying insurance is more rational, they observe the principle is the largest marginal effect. That is to say, they will according to their income and the limited access to market information, the need to choose the most, the most valuable insurance policy.
(3) Social factors
1. Traditional cultural influences
Traditional culture is formed in the historical development of the customs, values and codes of conct, way of life, ethical and so on. Living in the social environment of each person's thoughts and actions are deeply affected by the traditional culture, the insurance consumer sentiment also by the traditional culture.
First of all, the hardworking and thrifty thinking of the impact, many people outside of the daily necessities consumption is often careful planning, and usually more concerned about immediate savings, without considering the long-term interests.
Secondly, the traditional concept of family ethics, many people raising children, parents see is the maintenance of internal family obligations, not to accept these responsibilities will be transferred to the outside world, to seek protection from outside the insurance act. Again, the prevailing demand is the same psychological impact caused by the traditional culture, people strive to maintain consistency with the outside world, but also the so-called "seeking common ground while."
Finally, feudal superstition is to a large extent influence the thinking of the insurance consumer mentality of the people on the one hand consider the dangerous taboo, there left to chance; face danger on the other hand, some people prefer to resort to "God" or, as will all "act of God."
2. Social groups affected
People living in a certain social groups, usually in a group of people have a certain similar objective conditions, such as age, gender, occupation, ability to pay, and cultural standards. Each person's insurance will be a consumer mentality where groups of their own, but also by other groups. Social groups exchanges and communication within the group to keep faith, values and norms of a group, which formed a consistency between the groups. Generally, groups of indivials based on the trust and the fear of Outlier often want to maintain consistency between the groups.
The face of the insurance consumer, indivial and have their own judgment, but in its decision-making, respect for indivial and group caused a certain amount of psychological pressure, thereby affecting the indivial's psychological and behavior.
(D) economic factors
1. Economic development
Economic development on the insurance consumer has an important psychological impact because economic development enhanced the people's economic strength.
Economic development only meets the needs of the people after the first level, and then causes people higher level needs. People in the lower income, the first consideration is to satisfy the physical needs, solve the problem of food and clothing; continuously improve the income level, the first level of basic needs were met, people began to give more consideration to security issues. Revenue rose results will be to increase its expenditures, including expenditures for the purchase of some consumer rables, such as automobiles and housing, people will have more and more physical property. Therefore, the property of the need to consider the issue more and more. At the same time, indivials are beginning to realize the health of the body will bring lasting income for themselves and their families in turn bring happiness, and therefore more attention to physical safety. Therefore, the promotion of economic development in the people's insurance consumer behavior.
2. Social security degree
Social security policy is formulated by the State for indivial citizens to provide some form of subsidy to make up for them e to retirement, unemployment, disability and other causes of loss of income, and they are sick to provide medical services ring a policy, including social the insurance, social relief and social welfare aspects. Because social security and commercial insurance have some substitution effect, therefore, the degree of social security of the developed commercial insurance direct impact on consumer psychology. Usually, the higher the degree of social security, the wider coverage of consumers rely on luck psychological and mental is stronger, not concive to the insurance consumer.
3. Interest rate changes
Bank interest rates on the insurance psychological impact manifested mainly in the investment-oriented insurance consumption. Bank savings and investment-oriented insurance procts have a certain substitution effect, investment-oriented insurance consumers in insurance and savings comparisons between weigh. Interest rates and investment-oriented insurance negative correlation between consumer relations.
To sum up, the insurance consumer has a unique, based on this, the consumer has a wide range of insurance psychological elements, and the insurance consumer are several psychological factors. Consumer sentiment on the development of the insurance instry has an important impact. Fierce competition in the market economic situation, in order to expand the insurance market and improve the insurance consumer, insurance companies undoubtedly should, as far as possible to grasp the insurance consumer mentality and take the initiative guided by external factors concive to the development of the insurance instry Insurance Consumer Psychology formation.
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